17 ff. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. 2, 1986, pp. K. Balkan (1986, pp. The chronology of the Kassite rulers is very uncertain. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . K. De Graef, Les trangers dans les textes palobabyloniens tardifs de Sippar (Abi-eu-Samsuditana): 1ire partie: Sur les inconnus connus: Cassites, Elamites, Sutens, Suens, Gutens et Subarens, Akkadica 111, 1998, pp. MacGinnis, J. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. Aarhus Univ. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. 32, no. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. 20712, Brinkman, J. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). Your email address will not be published. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. 113-118. For a time I said I was an atheist. 23342, J. Last modified August 03, 2011. 45-52. On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. A. The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. and ruled the area for 576 years. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. Abraham, K. (2013). A Guide to We care about our planet! [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Once Kassite rulers were finally overthrown, they never regained power. 15-26. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. 144 ff.). In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. 211 f.). Their main project was the foundation of a new capital, named Dr-Kurigalzu Kurigalzus fortress (this type of place name is common in second- and early first-millennium Babylonia, where the initial component precedes a Kassite anthroponym (e.g., Agum and Burra-sah, Nashef, 1982, pp. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . ). The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store 471-589. The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. A. Corrections? 9, pp. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. Schneider, Thomas (2003). In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. 1, pp. Kassites and Assyrians. They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. "Ur in the Kassite Period". The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. (2015). The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. Agum the prince (? After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. 73, No. Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? A. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. 6, no. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. The first-millennium Babylonian King Lists assign the Kassite dynasty the longest rule of all the other dynasties who ruled Babylonia: 36 kings who ruled for 576 years and nine months. The Kassites influenced Babylonian culture after they took over the city-state. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. The world of the Bible is knowable. It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. Its about events 700-1000 years later. Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. Volume 2 Kardunia. J. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Leiden: BRILL. Buried History, 51, 57-60. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Trustees of the British Museum. 519-21. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). [3] 240-44. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. In time, a new dynasty emerged. 17793, Roaf, Michael. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. kassites in the bible. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. . They slowly then began to make their way southward toward Babylon. Roman Empire Map - A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 76, no. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. 23. [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 19, no. Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period". 131 f.). [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. Christ was descended from Abraham. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. Gasche et al. (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. 91-113. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. 412-18. Updates? Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). The Kassites - Bible History The Kassites You are here: Home Ancient Babylonia Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1595 BC) The Kassites Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Republished under the British Museum Standard Terms of Use for non-profit educational purposes. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. Gasche et al. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 413, n. 22). 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. Thank you for your help! 3, 1979, pp. The Kassite kings appear to have been members of a small military aristocracy but were apparently efficient rulers and not locally unpopular. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Most of the documentation (ca. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. Saarbrcken: Saarlndische Druckerei und Verlag, Sternitzke, Katja. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). However, the river is only 175 . 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. kudurru). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.